Man, Gandhi, Pope Francis, And Nelson Mandela - 808 Words

The littlest bit of inspiration can entice people to cause a lot of change. 3 men, Gandhi, Pope Francis, and Nelson Mandela were the people that provided the Inspiration. Although Gandhi, Pope Francis, and Nelson Mandela all enticed change in different ways, they all demonstrated patience, persistence, and courage . Nelson Mandela enicted change in his persistent and Courageous ways, he formed armed resistances, spent time in prison, and led protests. According to Biography.com Editors â€Å"In 1961, Nelson Mandela co-founded and became the first leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe (â€Å"Spear of the Nation†)† (Nelson Mandela). By Nelson forming this resistance against the government it showed the lengths he was willing to go for his cause and showed the†¦show more content†¦I prefer a Church which is bruised, hurting, and dirty because it has been out on the streets, rather than a Church which is unhealthy from being confined and from clinging to its own security, Po pe Francis’ willingness to openly call out and go against the church proves his courage in his battle for human rights. The Biography.com Editors also stated in the article â€Å"Pope Francis† , â€Å"It was not long after assuming the papacy that Pope Francis began offering more nuanced views and interpretations on key social issues about which the church holds more doctrinal views on. Thus resulting in many death threats coming in to the Pope.† This shows the courage and Persistence the Pope has in his mission for he still speaks his views as he receives death threats regularly. Lastly, Gandhi changed how we see Human rights movement with his virtues of patience, peace, and courage. In the article â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi† on Biography.com the text states, â€Å"Revered the world over for his nonviolent philosophy of passive resistance, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was known to his many followers as Mahatma, or â€Å"the great-souled one† As you can see Gandhi was worshipped worldwide for his peaceful and persistent ways of protesting, which proves his dedication to the cause of human rights. AnotherShow MoreRelatedThe 1982 movie Gandhi, starring Ben Kingsley and Candice Bergen had both strengths and weaknesses.2500 Words   |  10 PagesThe 1982 movie Gandhi, starring Ben Kingsley and Candice Bergen had both strengths and weaknesses. One of the movies weaknesses was that it left a lot of gaps. It is understandable why they had to leave a lot of gaps. The movie was supposed to depict the whole life of Gandhi. If they had of put every detail of Gand hi’s life, every year of every sentence he spent in jail, the movie would be way longer than three plus hours. I just think that they could have better picked and chosen which parts toRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesprimarily by opportunities for economic advancement—including the massive movement of rural agriculturalists to rapidly growing urban areas—but also the often-neglected displacements of populations that resulted from the wars, revolutions, and natural and man-made disasters of the twentieth century. Howard Spodek’s essay charts the development of the urban areas that have been the destination for the great majority of both international and domestic immigrants in the modern era, and that in 2005 became

The Main Reason The American Revolution Was Caused Was

The main reason the American Revolution was caused was because the tax of the colonists by the British, in which led the end of the seven-year war of the French and Indian. This issue was more engaged in the North more than the South because of their politician differences. The people that were business leaders, politicians, etc, did not like the situation that was going on they had their particular economy and political interests in enlightenment just to get people the big masses, the war was freedom and release from tyranny. The British people were looking at it as the colonies were not paying what they were suppose to, also maintain the empire. They were treating the American to control them not as partners in their†¦show more content†¦Everything built up and eventually that was going to happen. Also, Americans did not want to go to war, they wanted England to go back to their expedient disregard. They did mind their own business, also they liked the protection of Englan d. What they did not agree to was the taxes and the unsupportable acts that they did. Even though the revolution did start not everyone supported it. The Sons of Liberty were a secret group. They did start the Boston Tea Party; the sons threw the tea into the Boston Harbor. They did that because they refused the taxes that the British people gave to them. The sons of the Liberty liked to start nonsense with their brainwashing information which caused an uproar to a lot of things as well. They wanted to be free of Britain because they did not think that these taxes were fair. There also was a protest to the Stamp Act as well. The reason they did that was because the British were making people pay taxes on their paper that they used. Were they wrong for taking a stand and doing what they did? Some people might think yes, and some might say no. I would say that they obviously were being taxed on nonsense things because the British Empire was being extremely unfair. The Declaration of Independence was written because the thirteen colonies wanted to be Independent from Great Britain. They also put charges against the crown Parliament for wrong misbehavior against the colonists. ThisShow MoreRelatedWhat Really Happened During The Industrial Revolution By: Brianna Taylor Would you like to work1300 Words   |  6 Pages What Really Happened During The Industrial Revolution By: Brianna Taylor Would you like to work fourteen hours a day, six days a week, for little to no pay? While this might seem unreal to us now, this is what working Americans during the time of the Industrial Revolution endured. Not only was it adults working, it was also children as young as three. Now you look at it and think what could a three year old have done? When people running factories just saw it as smaller hands to do thingsRead MoreTaking a Look at the Philippine Revolution880 Words   |  4 Pages The Philippine Revolution began in 1896 and ended in 1898. Before the start of the revolution, Spain was in control of the Philippines for more that three and a half centuries . During Spanish rule, there was a period of tyranny, misconduct and abuses of the Friars and the Civil and Military Administration exhausted the patience of the natives and caused them to make a desperate effort to shake off the unbearable galling yoke on August 26, 1896, then commencing the revolution in the provinc esRead MoreEssay on Causes of the American Revolution612 Words   |  3 Pages From 1763, Americans had only to be convinced that an arbitrary ruler- whether Parliament or King-was violating their inherent rights, to feel that rebellion was justified. This conviction was bred in them by the series of events that occurred between 1763 and 1776. The language used to protest the British Acts was legal, and political. But the primary cause of the Revolution was economics. In theory the colonists accepted the principle that natural laws rather than royal decreesRead MoreThe American Revolution And The War For Independence779 Words   |  4 PagesThe year 1775 marked the beginning of the American Revolution or, to the colonists, â€Å"The War for Independence.† The American Revolution did not happen by itself but past conflicts such as the seven years war provoked the future event of the American Revolution. The seven year war was fought between the Thirteen Colonies and the French Empire as well as Native American allies, over territory in America. Before the seven year war, the British government proposed the colonists to pay for protectionRead More Enlightenment Ideas Inspired The American and French Revolutions1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe American and French Revolutions The American and French Revolutions were both fundamentally based on the Enlightenment ideas. The main ideas that they followed were by John Locke. His ideas inspired the Americans and the French to have a revolution. In these revolutions, the Americans had success and the French failed. The success that the Americans experienced wad due to the protection of rights they had. These rights are Life, Liberty and Property.? In America a constitution was putRead MoreDbq - American Revolution950 Words   |  4 Pagesof America was the American Revolution. It was not so significant because of the number of deaths or the affects it had on Americas relationship with Great Britain, but more because of the changes it caused in society socially, economically, and politically. American society was greatly affected socially by the American Revolution. Compared to women in Europe, women in America already held a slightly greater role in society. That role would grow even larger by the end of the Revolution. The artworkRead MoreEnlightenment Ideas Inspired the American and French Revolutions1504 Words   |  7 PagesThe American and French Revolutions were both fundamentally based on the Enlightenment ideas. The main ideas that they followed were by John Locke. His ideas inspired the Americans and the French to have a revolution. In these revolutions, the Americans had success and the French failed. The success that the Americans experienced wad due to the protection of rights they had. These rights are Life, Liberty and Property. In America a constitution was put together that provided for a stableRead MoreImpact Of The American Revolution On The United States Of America1262 Words   |  6 PagesStates revolution is one of the most important revoluti ons to occur in history because it can be seen as the most significant revolution to transpire in modern time. This can be shown through the role that the revolution had in creating the country that we know today. Why was it that the American Revolution occurs, was it for independence or was it based on something else? In the American Revolution there were many leaders who aided in creating the United States, who were they and what was the costsRead MoreImmigration During the Industrial Revolution822 Words   |  4 PagesImmigration during the Industrial Revolution Immigration was a huge part of the industrial revolution, some migrated legal, some illegal. Either way, many immigrants came to the United States searching for a dream, the American dream to be precise. This leads to the question; Why did people immigrate to America? There can be many answers to this question, but some of the most important answers are: political, others economic, while yet others religious, whatever the case was, the United States becameRead MoreThe Causes of the American Revolution Essay903 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The American Revolution was sparked by a myriad of causes. These causes in themselves could not have sparked such a massive rebellion in the nation, but as the problems of the colonies cumulated, their collective impact spilt over and the American Revolution ensued. Many say that this war could have been easily avoided and was poorly handled by both sides, British and American; but as one will see, the frame of thought of the colonists was poorly suited to accept British measures which sought

Safe Work Practices Risk Management For Chemicals

Question: Discuss about theSafe Work Practicesfor Risk Management For Chemicals. Answer: Introduction Concerning the WHS Regulations, an unsafe chemical is any substance, blend or article that fulfills the criteria of at least one Globally Harmonized System of Classification, what's more, Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) risk classes, incorporating a grouping in Schedule 6 of the WHS Regulations. In any case, some risk classes and classifications of the GHS are rejected by the WHS Regulations. Most substances and blends that are risky products under the ADG Code are unsafe chemicals, with the exception of those that have just radioactive perils, irresistible substances and most class 9 (random) perilous merchandise. In association with chemicals, a hazard is a plan of trademark properties of the substance, mix, article or process that may breathe life into about unfavorable effects structures or nature. There are two wide sorts of risks associated with hazardous chemicals, which may show a hassle, or completely deal mischief or disorder to people. Such are the health dangers and physic-ch emical dangers (Agarwal Zhou, 2016). Wellbeing risks are properties of a chemical that can achieve adversarial prosperity impacts. Presentation regularly happens through internal breath, skin contact or ingestion. Disagreeable prosperity effects can be extraordinary (short term) or unending (whole deal). Ordinary serious prosperity impacts fuse cerebral agonies, squeamishness or spewing and skin disintegration, while perpetual prosperity impacts consolidate asthma, dermatitis, nerve mischief or development. Physico-chemical risks These are physical or chemical properties of the substance, mix or article that position threats to authorities other than prosperity perils, as they don't happen as a consequence of the regular relationship of the chemical with people. They develop through uncalled for dealing with or use and can consistently realize mischief to people or possibly damage to property as an outcome of the inalienable physical peril. Instances of physicochemical threats fuse flammable, ruinous, delicate, chemically responsive zand oxidizing chemicals. Various chemicals have both prosperity and physicochemical dangers (Anderson Woessner, 2012). Legislation and Compliance Requirements In the WHS Act, a person bringing together a company or activity has the major assurance to make certain, as long as it is logically feasible, which the prosperity and safety of personnel as well as different individuals are not risked from jobs finished as a segment of the lead of the company or responsibility. This incorporates guaranteeing the sheltered utilize, taking care of and capacity of substances. The WHS Regulations incorporate particular obligations for a man leading a business or undertaking to deal with the dangers to wellbeing and security connected with utilizing, taking care of, producing and putting away perilous chemicals at a working environment. According to Attix (2016), the obligations include: Reconsider naming of holders and pipe work, using forewarning releases and outside alerted notification and giving of prosperity suggestions Keeping up a select and show (where critical) of dangerous chemicals besides, offering cautioning to the controller of show sums if required Recognizing threat of physical or chemical reaction of perilous chemicals and ensuring the unfaltering quality of risky chemicals guaranteeing that presentation norms are not surpassed arrangement of wellbeing observing to specialists arrangement of data, preparing, direction and supervision to specialists arrangement of spill control framework for unsafe chemicals if fundamental acquiring the present Safety Data Sheet (SDS) from the maker, shipper, on the other hand provider of the chemical controlling start sources and collection of combustible and ignitable substances Course of action and openness of fire security, putting out flames apparatus and emergency additionally, security equipment Setting up an emergency orchestrate if the measure of a class of hazardous chemical at a workplace outperforms the show sum for that hazardous chemical Reliability and support of compartments for mass hazardous chemicals including channel work Decommissioning of underground stockpiling and dealing with systems Instructing the controller when practicable with respect to left tanks in particular conditions The WHS Regulations contain disallowances or limitations on certain perilous chemicals, such as certain cancer-causing agents aside from predetermined conditions and a limitation on the age of a man who may deliver dangerous chemicals. Inherent Hazards Chemicals that are for the most part for local utilization and considered safe in the home may exhibit more serious dangers in the work environment relying upon the way and amounts in which they are utilized. This is especially important, for instance, where local cleaning chemicals are obtained from a grocery store and utilized as a part of a working environment. Someone ought to take dependably after name headings (labels). Nevertheless, on the off chance that someone utilizes a residential chemical as a part of a way unique to typical household utilization, he/she ought to get, likewise, the SDS to decide the level of dangers to labourers and the proper administration of such risks. The SDS ought to contain more nitty gritty data on perils and dangers, for instance on contrary qualities with different chemicals and dangers from use in encased zones (CCPS, 2012). A man leading a business or undertaking must guarantee the present SDS is promptly open to specialists who utilize the risky chemical at the work environment and a crisis benefit labourer, or any other person, who is probably going to be presented to the unsafe chemical. The SDS ought to be reserved in an area close to the work territory where the substance is utilized. Somebody in charge of safety should guarantee that all specialists prone to be presented to the risky chemical know systematic instructions to discover the SDS. Now and again it might be practicable to furnish specialists with access to SDS by means of an electronic database, for instance in colleges where possibly a huge number of chemicals might be utilized, put away or took care of at the site. Nevertheless, the electronic database ought to be promptly accessible to labourers, specialists ought to know how to utilize it, and a reinforcement method for giving the SDS ought to likewise be given, for instance as printed copies in a documenting framework. The Risk Assessment Procedures A risk assessment is not obligatory for hazardous chemicals under the WHS Regulations; nevertheless, it is required for specific conditions, for example when working with asbestos. Regardless, it will be the perfect way to deal with chooses the measures that should be completed to control threats (Cochran, 2010). It will help to: Perceive which authorities are at threat of contact Make sense of what sources and methods are achieving that danger Recognize if and what kind of control measures should be realized Check the practicality of existing control measures. Where the perils and related dangers are outstanding and have settled and acknowledged control measures, it may not be important to attempt a hazard evaluation, for instance, where there are a little number of chemicals in a working environment and the risks and dangers are surely knew. Your hazard evaluation ought to consider likewise predictable disappointments of plant and hardware, in addition any control measures, for instance: A power disappointment may affect on the operation of a mechanical ventilation framework at the working environment. Unintentional spills can possibly erode or affect on adjacent plant or gear. Reporting hazard appraisals is not required, but rather may help while looking into where enhancements can be made and chances controlled more adequately. Evaluations depend on a careful comprehension of what happens, or may happen, in the working environment and ought to be completed by a man or people who have a pragmatic comprehension of the WHS Regulations, codes of practice and applicable direction materials. Moreover, it requires a person who has a comprehension of the work forms required at the working environment as well as enough assets to accumulate data, counsel the fitting individuals, audit existing records and look at the work environment (Crane Scott, 2012). A solitary individual, for example, a chief might be reasonably skilful to perform basic evaluations. In more overwhelming cases, maybe a few people speaking to an assortment of abilities ought to be included in gathering and surveying the data. This may likewise incorporate specialists and their health and safety agents. Tools used to Assess the Risks and Risk Causes A dexterous gathering of individuals who have a nice working learning of the workplace should do assessments. Staff should be incorporated reliably consolidate executives and workers who work with the methodology under review as they are the most familiar with the operation (John, 2011). When all is said in done, to do an appraisal, a supervisor ought to: Distinguish risk Survey the likelihood of a harm or illness event, and its reality Consider conventional operational conditions and also measures that are non-standard, for example, power failures, control outages of electricity, crisis, and so on Assess the entire prosperity in addition to safety data concerning the risk that are available, for instance, Material SDSs, makers composing, information from true blue affiliations, outcomes of testing, et cetera Recognize exercises essential to get rid of, or manage the danger Monitoring while reviewing to assert that the danger is managed Maintain every records or reports that possibly will be essential. Records could fuse organizing the method utilized for the overview the hazard, delineating whichever appraisals, and specifying the completion of the task As outlined by Edwin (2014), whilst performing an appraisal, a supervisor is supposed to think about: The procedures and techniques used as a part of the preparation, managing, or limit of the matter, and so forth The certifiable as well as the possible staging of the system The procedures or measures critical to manage these arrangement via an approach for setting up control, labor application, in addition to sanitation practices in workplaces Through making a decision concerning the level of hazard linked to the hazard, the business and the mutual health and safety council can choose whether a control plan is needed. Remember that the evaluations are obliged to think about the present state of the employment setting in addition to some possible conditions too. Application of Risk Controls There are various approaches to control the dangers connected with perilous chemicals. Some control measures are more successful than others are. Control measures may perhaps be placed from an irregular sum of insurance and unwavering quality to the slightest. Such an arrangement is acknowledged as the chain of importance of management. A supervisor ought to prepare consistently to dispose of a danger and associated danger primarily. If this is not logically feasible, the danger must be reduced through using at least one of the accompanying methodologies; substitution, isolation and executing building controls. On the off chance that a hazard then remains, it must be minimized by executing managerial controls, so far as is sensibly practicable. Any outstanding danger must be minimized with reasonable individual defensive hardware (IDH). Managerial control measures and IDH depend on human conduct and supervision; what's more, when utilized all alone, have a tendency to be the minimum viable methods for minimizing dangers (Julie et al, 2010). Managerial controls ought to just be considered when other higher request control measures are not practicable, or to supplement other control measures. For cancer-causing agents, authoritative controls ought to just be utilized to give extra security. Authoritative controls are likewise significant for crises when other control measures bomb, for example, for overseeing spills and spills and are especially essential for those specialists who are required to tidy up spills, or who complete standard cleaning and support work. According to Milsted et al, (2014) cases of managerial controls include: Composed arrangements and work systems (for instance safe work technique articulations) Diminishing the quantity of specialists presented to the compound (for instance by playing out the assignment out of typical work hours or by confining labourer access to specific regions) Diminishing the span or potentially recurrence of labourers introduction through particular work strategies (for instance, work revolution) diminishing amounts of risky chemicals through stock lessening this could incorporate in the nick of time requesting instead of putting away substantial amounts of unsafe chemicals and provoke transfer of dangerous chemicals that are did not require anymore Actualizing methods where just staff who are included in the utilization, taking care of, capacity or era of perilous chemicals are permitted access to high hazard zones where there might be a more serious danger of presentation Actualizing methods to counteract presentation of start sources into unsafe ranges Decreasing the timeframe in which a compound could escape into the work range (for instance, by minimizing the time that blenders, reactors or broilers are interested in nature both amid and after utilize) Conclusion The key result of the risk evaluation is the detail of satisfactory control measures. The law requires that the control measures be distinguished in composing (paper or electronic organization). All control measures that are vital in protecting against unfavorable wellbeing impacts ought to be determined, yet you can sort out them into whatever request suits your business. The control techniques must be depicted in adequate detail so that they are completely determined. For instance, "Wear Suitable Respiratory Protection" is not acceptable. The full sort particular of the respiratory insurance ought to be given in this occurrence. So also, "Utilize Exhaust Ventilation" is lacking if appropriate control includes cautious detail of the extraction required and requires normal testing. References Agarwal Y. and Zhou, Y. L (2016) Remediation of oil contaminated sand with self-collapsing air micro bubbles. Environmental Science and Pollution Research Anderson, M. and Woessner W. (2012) Applied Groundwater Modeling. San Diego, CA: Academic Press Inc. pp. 325327 Attix, F. (2016) Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dissymmetry, New York: Wiley-VCH, pp. 215,468,474 CCPS (2012) Center for Chemical Process Safety, Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures, with Worked Examples (2nd ed.). Wiley-American Institute of Chemical Engineers Cochran R. (2010) The Chemical Fuel Cycle: Analysis and Management, La Grange Park, IL: American Nuclear Society. pp. 525 Crane, R. A. and Scott B. (2012) Nano-scale zero-valent iron: Future prospects for an emerging water treatment technology, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Nanotechnologies for the Treatment of Water, Air and Soil Edwin S. (2014) A Perspective on the Proliferation Risks of Plutonium Mines, Nuclear Control Institute. Retrieved October 29, 2016 John W. (2011) Radiation and human health, San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 787 Julie E., Todd C., Richard J. (2010) Cancer Cluster Investigation in Residents near a Municipal Landfill, Human Ecological Risk Assessment, 16 (6): 133959 Milsted, J.; Friedman, A. M. and Stevens, C. M. (2014) The alpha half-life of berkelium-247; a new long-lived isomer of berkelium-248, 71 (2): 299 Nicholas J. (2011) System Safety Engineering and Risk Assessment: A Practical Approach (Chemical Engineering) (1st ed.). Taylor Francis Group Rogner, H. (2010) Chemical Power and Sustainable Development, Journal of International Affairs. 64: 149 Rubinkam M (2011) Cancer cluster confirmed in northeast Pennsylvania. Associated Press Smith J. (2011) What about Iodine-129 Half-Life is 15 Million Years, Berkeley Radiological Air and Water Monitoring Forum, University of California Szasz A. (2014) Ecopopulism: Toxic Waste and the Movement for Environmental Justice, Minnesota: Regents of the University of Minnesota, 137-145 Vaughn, J (2013) Toxic Waste, United Kingdom, Sage Publications

The U.S. Entering World War II Essays - Attack On Pearl Harbor

The U.S. Entering World War II "A date that will live in infamy," (Snyder 33) was what President Franklin Delano Roosevelt called December 7, 1941. It was a calm Sunday morning at Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu. Then two U.S. soldiers saw an oscilloscope signal on their mobile radars. They immediately called this in to their commanding officer but he told them to ignore it because the base was expecting a squadron of friendly B-17's to be coming from the mainland. Thirty minutes later the first bomb fell and almost killed a courier boy who was trying to deliver a message to Pearl Harbor Naval Base that the Japanese Imperial Navy was going to attack them. The Japanese bombers caught the base by surprise due to the Americans' tradition of not working on Sunday's. As the bombs fell, so did all the chances of the United States not joining the Allies in the second world war that was raging in Europe and the western Pacific. Up to that point the U.S. had just been supporting the Allies but they weren't technically at war with the Axis powers. All throughout the first two years of the war, President Roosevelt focused on making life difficult for the Japanese. One way he did this was by creating various policies that would deter the Axis powers from being able to maintain the needs necessary to wage war on the Allies. One of these policies was the American financial and economic embargo, which supported China in its fight against Japan. It also, somewhat, forced neutral countries to side with the U.S. because it threatened that if any country would aid one of the Axis countries then that country would no longer be given aid packages from the United States. A second policy imposed by Roosevelt was the "moral embargo" of July 1938. This banned neutral countries from exporting planes and equipment to countries who engaged in the bombing of civilians. This made the U.S. look like the good guys because they were protecting the innocent people who were being killed just because the lived in a different country. By imposing these policies, the U.S. was disallowing the economic growth of the Axis countries and forcing them to support themselves, as long as they were against the Allies. These policies were a type of weapon that Roosevelt used in order to attack the enemy without formally declare war. This would be one of the primary reasons why Roosevelt would allow Pearl Harbor to occur. Before the betrayal at Pearl Harbor occurred, a poll was taken of the U.S. citizen's opinion about Roosevelt taking them into the war. Ninety-four percent were against the United States getting involved. If Roosevelt would have just attacked Japan first, he would have lost a great majority of the support he was receiving from the general population of the United States. All the facts lead to the very probable possibility that Roosevelt may have helped plan the attack at Pearl Harbor or at least gave the "go-ahead" to whoever did plan. It is no coincidence that half of the U.S. Navy's gunboats were reassigned to Pearl Harbor only a couple of months before the attack. Roosevelt sent all the expendable ships to Pearl Harbor and all the carriers and battleships to run drills near San Diego. Roosevelt figured that, if he was going to allow American ships to be destroyed, they might as well be the ships that are out of date and inexpensive to replace, in comparison with some of the Navy's other ships. The attack on Pearl Harbor enraged the American commoner so much that they changed their views completely and wanted Japan to pay for the surprise attack in Hawaii. After all, the American people only knew that negotiations were under way in Washington DC and that the U.S. was working for peace not war. They saw the attack on Pearl Harbor as an act of betrayal. Another fact, that contributes to the possibility of Roosevelt being involved in the planning of Pearl Harbor, is that the two commanding officers at the time of the attack were acquitted, in a retrial, of all accusations of their dereliction of their duties. Therefore, there